Peterborough

The monastery at Medeshamstede (a place known later as Peterborough) is supposed to have been founded in the 650s by Peada, ruler of the Middle Angles, acting in association with a certain Seaxwulf; the work is said to have been brought to completion by Peada’s younger brother, Wulfhere (king of the Mercians, 657-75).  The first abbot of Medeshamstede was Seaxwulf himself, who was appointed bishop of the Mercians, the Middle Angles, and of Lindsey, c. 672 (HE iv. 6), whereupon he was succeeded as abbot by a certain Cuthbald.  When Seaxwulf died, c. 690, he was succeeded as bishop by Hædda, who had been a priest of Medeshamstede, abbot of Breedon-on-the-Hill, and possibly abbot of Medeshamstede (after Cuthbald).  Medeshamstede was evidently a place of special importance in the region of the Middle Angles, and appears to have become the centre of a confederacy of monasteries, with ‘colonies’ at Breedon-on-the-Hill (Leics.), (?) Brixworth (Northants.), and elsewhere, as well as at Bermondsey and Woking, in Surrey, and perhaps at Hoo, in Kent.  It is also clear that Medeshamstede held a special place in the ‘Mercian’ polity of the late eighth and early ninth centuries.  Abbot Botwine seems to have enjoyed high standing at the court of King Offa; his successor, Beonna, enjoyed a similar status in the 790s, and into the reign of King Coenwulf.  A lease in the name of Abbot Ceolred (S 1440) takes the visible history of Medeshamstede to 852.  The monastery is presumed to have been destroyed when the ‘Great Army’ was moving from East Anglia to Northumbria (and back) in the late 860s.  The ‘Hædda Stone’, which stands to this day in Peterborough Cathedral, was long believed to commemorate the last abbot of the first foundation, with his monks, slaughtered by the Danes; it is now thought to date from the early ninth century, and while it would be no more than a wishful thought to suppose on this basis that it might commemorate Abbot Beonna, the stone can at least be said to symbolise Medeshamstede in the age of its glory. 

A monastery was founded on the same site by Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester (Wulfstan, Vita S. Æthelwoldi, ch. 24), traditionally in ‘966’ but more probably c. 970.  <Part of conscious revival of ancient houses (cf. Ely).  Abbot Ealdwulf.  Fortified by Abbot Cenwulf, and re-named Burh.  Abbot Ælfsige (1006-42), and his role in 1013-14, etc.  Relics of Sts Cyneburh and Cyneswith (from Castor), and Tibba (from Ryhall); also relics of St Florentine (ASC MS. E, s.a. 1013).  Abbot Leofric (1052-66), who held Burton, Coventry, Crowland and Thorney.  Abbot Brand (1066-9), and William I.  Peterborough traditions about English resistance in 1070, as distinct from Ely traditions.  Later history of Peterborough, etc.>

<Dissolution of the abbey in 1539.  Foundation of the see in 1541.  Fate of the muniments.  An inventory of charters in the abbey’s archives was made in the early thirteenth century (London, Society of Antiquaries, MS. 60, fols. 81r-83v, of which fol. 81r is reproduced by Martin, Plate I), but does not happen to contain any references to pre-Conquest texts.  For a detailed account of the cartularies, see Martin.>  Some of the abbey’s muniments appear to have been acquired at the time of the Dissolution by Robert Wingfield (cf. Martin, pp. 36-7), whose descendant, Sir Robert Wingfield of Upton, owned them in the 1630s.  Wingfield gave at least one cartulary to Sir Christopher Hatton (who passed it on to the Cottonian library), and appears to have given two others to the (?) 4th Earl of Exeter (whose ancestor William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520-98) had bought some Peterborough estates from Bishop Scambler, c. 1570); in 1778 the cartularies at Burghley House were presented by Brownlow, 9th Earl of Exeter, to the Society of Antiquaries.  Only three of the abbey’s ‘pre-Conquest’ charters have survived in single-sheet form.  Two (S 1029 and 1060) are forgeries produced at Peterborough in the twelfth century; the former is now at Peterborough Cathedral (cf. Martin, pp. 23-4), and the latter still among the muniments at Burghley House.  The third (S 68, MS. 1) is a late refinement of another twelfth-century forgery; it is now in the Cottonian collection.  Many of the documents still surviving in the chapter-house at Peterborough in the seventeenth century were presumably destroyed when the abbey was ransacked by Parliamentary forces in 1643; see ‘A Short and True Narrative of the Rifling and Defacing the Cathedral Church of Peterburgh in the Year 1643’, printed by Gunton, pp. 333-40, esp. 337 (above, p. 00, and Martin, pp. xvi-xvii).  The cartularies and registers still belonging to the Dean and Chapter of Peterborough have been deposited in the Cambridge University Library.

The principal cartulary of Peterborough abbey forms part of the ‘Liber Niger’ (London, Society of Antiquaries, MS. 60 (Davis 763)), of which the relevant section (fols. 6-73) was written in the first half of the twelfth century (c. 1130).  For a description of the contents of the manuscript as a whole, see Martin, pp. 1-7 (no. 1).  <Main hand, cf. the hand of the single sheet at Burghley (S 1060).  Martin suggests connection with the fire of 1116.  Includes surveys, documents, lists, etc.; anything which came to hand.  Convey sense of its varied contents, without obvious order.  Note that perspective is trans-Conquest.>  The cartulary begins with copies of a group of documents which relate to the abbey’s land and men in the early twelfth century (fols. 6r-24r): a survey of the abbey’s estates, with a statement of the abbey’s income and its distribution among the abbey’s servants, compiled c. 1125; the document known as the ‘Descriptio militum de abbatia de Burgo’, comprising an original list of the abbey’s tenants, compiled c. 1100 - c. 1110, followed by a supplement, compiled in the late 1120s; and a survey of the abbey’s estates in Lincolnshire, compiled c. 1100.  The main sequence of documentary records extends from fol. 24r to fol. 73r; there is some sense of grouping among the texts, but overall they occur in no readily discernible or meaningful order.  The sequence begins with the record of an aquisition of land by Abbot Ælfsige, in the early 1020s (S 1463), followed by a list of the lands which Abbot Brand entrusted to his brother Askytel in 1066 x 1069, followed by a group of three (spurious) charters of Edward the Confessor in favour of the abbey (S 1059, 1060, 1029), and by a record of some land claimed by the abbey in the eleventh century (S 1481).  The sequence continues thereafter (fol. 29r onwards) with diplomas, and other records, ranging in date from the seventh century to the eleventh, and including certain distinctive items, notably a composite register of Bishop Æthelwold’s gifts to the abbey (Robertson, Charters, no. 39 (S 1448)), a list of sureties for Peterborough estates (ibid., no. 40), and the Northamptonshire Geld Roll (ibid., App. I, no. 3).  Towards the end of the sequence, a copy of the charter of King William I confirming the primary of Canterbury (Regesta i, no. 64) is followed by the ‘Relatio Hedde Abbatis’ (fols. 58v-59v), itself followed by a version of King Wulfhere’s charter for Medeshamstede (S 68), the alleged Bull of Pope Agatho (BCS 48), and a charter issued in the name of King Æthelred in 680 (S 72, though the entry in Sawyer’s list obscures the existence of the ‘original’ Latin version in the ‘Liber Niger’, fols. 67r-68r).  The ‘Relatio’ and associated documents are followed on fols. 68r-71v by the text of King Edgar’s (spurious) grant of privileges to Peterborough Abbey (S 787), with its appended set of confirmations by a succession of kings from Edward the Martyr to William I (Regesta i, no. 8); so the possibility arises that the ‘Relatio’, with S 68, Pope Agatho’s privilege, and S 72, should be judged in association with S 787, and its ‘later’ confirmations, and that all these documents, as a group, would be found to have a direct bearing on the aspirations and claims entertained by the abbey in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest.  The final element in the original compilation is a list of the abbey’s benefactors on fols. 71v-73r, discussed further below.

<The documents preserved in the ‘Liber Niger’ constitute a singularly interesting collection, and represent a determined effort to collect whatever could be found in the archive which was germane to the compiler’s purpose.>  It is clear that several charters survived the (presumed) destruction of Medeshamstede in the 870s.  The purported charters of King Wulfhere and King Æthelred (S 68, 72), and the record of a grant made by King Æthelred (S 1806), may well contain information derived from relatively ‘early’ documentation; and certainly, the two abbatial leases (S 1412 and 1440) have every appearance of being wholly authentic.  The ‘colonies’ of Medeshamstede are represented by the presence in the ‘Liber Niger’ of a set of records bearing on the foundation of Breedon-on-the-Hill in the late seventh century (S 1803-5, perhaps derived from entries in a gospel-book), a papal privilege for the monasteries of Bermondsey and Woking (BCS 133), a charter for Woking issued in the late eighth century (S 144), and a charter granting privileges to Breedon in the mid-ninth century (S 197).  A composite document (S 233) relating to a certain Abbot Ecgbald, and his land at Hoo, in Kent, may owe its presence in the archive to the fact that the minster of which Ecgbald was abbot (which may or may not have been at Hoo) was another colony of Medeshamstede, or to the fact that Abbot Ecgbald came to Medeshamstede in order to secure a confirmation of his charters from King Æthelred; see Keynes, Councils of Clofesho, pp. 41-2.  The inclusion of all this material in the ‘Liber Niger’ renders rather less than improbable a pleasant story which appears to have been told at Peterborough in the early twelfth century, to the effect that Bishop Æthelwold, on coming to Medeshamstede in ‘963’, found certain documents written by ‘Abbot Hædda’ hidden in the old walls, recounting how the abbey had been founded by Kings Wulfhere and Æthelred, and how Pope Agatho (678-81) and Archbishop Deusdedit (655-64) had confirmed its privileges (ASC, MS. E, s.a. 963).  The so-called ‘Relatio Hædde abbatis’ (Hugh Candidus, ed. Mellows, pp. 159-61), which may have been fabricated in the late eleventh or early twelfth century, is obviously the actual embodiment of the same story; and to judge from the heading in the ‘Liber Niger’ (fol. 58v), both the charter of King Wulfhere (S 68), and the Bull of Pope Agatho with its confirmation by King Æthelred (S 72), were integral parts of the same text as it was first conceived.  It might be assumed that the Hædda in question was the person of that name who features in later Peterborough tradition as abbot of Medeshamstede in the second half of the ninth century; but it should be noted that the compiler of the ‘Relatio’ was working some time before this tradition was fixed by Hugh Candidus, and may have intended his reference to be to the earlier Abbot Hædda, who had flourished at Breedon, and then seemingly at Medeshamstede, in the late seventh century, and who would appear to have succeeded Seaxwulf as bishop of the Mercians, the Middle Angles and Lindsey (Keynes, Councils of Clofesho, p. 41, n. 177).  Whatever the case, the ‘Relatio’ (with its associated documents) represents the earliest statement from Peterborough of the circumstances in which Medeshamstede had been founded in the second half of the seventh century, reflecting a consciousness of continuity from the old foundation to the new, and doubtless reflecting a monastic tendency to invent ancient privileges in order to secure a position in the present.

<The bulk of the charters in the ‘Liber Niger’ pertain in one way or another to the abbey founded at Peterborough during the reign of King Edgar.  Documentation relating to the activities of Bishop Æthelwold, in association with Abbot Ealdwulf (c. 970 - 992), comprising a charter by which the king granted the bishop land at Barrow-on-Humber in 971 (S 782), a vernacular document recounting how the bishop had acquired land at Ailsworth, in Northamptonshire, which he gave to the abbey (Charters, ed. Robertson, no. 37 (S 1377)), a composite record of Æthelwold’s gifts (ibid., no. 39 (S 1448)), and a list of sureties for Peterborough estates (ibid., no. 40); the list of gifts, and the list of sureties, may have been derived from records entered in a service-book (see below).  For the ‘Scandinavian’ names in S 782, cf. the Ely charters of 970 (S 779-81); and cf. range of documentation at Ely, Thorney and Ramsey.  A ‘detached’ boundary clause for Oundle, Northants. (S 1566).  Further documentation relating to the management of the abbey’s estates in the eleventh century (S 1463; S 1481).  Interestingly, the royal charters cast directly in favour of the abbey do not make a good impression.  The charter in the name of King Edgar (S 787) was probably fabricated in the late eleventh century, in association with the ‘Relatio’ and related texts; the three charters in the name of Edward the Confessor (S 1029, 1059, 1060), on the other hand, appear to have been produced in the early twelfth century.  Important group of royal diplomas in favour of laymen (S 533, 566, 592, 674, 681 and 834, from the tenth century, and S 1014, from the eleventh), carefully preserved as title-deeds for what had become the abbey’s estates.  It should be noted that the boundary clauses in those of the royal diplomas which are in ‘standard’ form (S 533, 592, 681, 782, 834 and 1014) are copied in smaller script, as if reflecting the appearance of the single sheet.  The two other royal diplomas belong to quite different diplomatic traditions: a vernacular charter of King Eadred issued in 955 (S 566: Charters, ed. Robertson, no. 30), which is related to the ‘alliterative’ series of the 940s and 950s, and a charter of King Edgar issued in 958 (S 674), which is comparable in form with S 679 (from York).  One should also note the presence in the archive of S 947, a charter of Edmund Ironside granting land at Peakirk and Walton, near Peterborough, to the ‘New Minster’.  The minster in question has been assumed to be the New Minster, Winchester; but it is more likely, of course, that the grant was in favour of a ‘new minster’ at Peakirk itself, and that its endowment was subsequently taken over by Peterborough.  Peakirk is said to have been united with Crowland during the reign of Edward the Confessor, and an obvious context for Peterborough’s acquisition of Peakirk/Crowland records is provided by Abbot Leofric (1052-66), who held Burton, Coventry, Crowland and Thorney, and who is said to have appointed Wulfketel, formerly a monk of Peterborough, as abbot of Crowland (Orderic, ed. Chibnall, II, 342-4).  S 749 (by which King Edgar granted land at Breedon-on-the-Hill, and elsewhere in Leicestershire, to Bishop Æthelwold) was perhaps transferred from Peterborough to Burton Abbey in the same connection; see above, p. 000.>

To judge from the rubric introducing the copy entered in the ‘Liber Niger’ (fol. 71v), the list of Peterborough’s benefactors was drawn up on a single sheet (‘In hac breui cartula …’), on the basis of information which appears to have been derived from a (lost) liber vitae of the abbey (‘… quorum nomina in libro uite pro beneficiis eorum scribantur’).  <For similar lists of benefactors, at other archives, see above, pp. 00-0.  Benefactors include Ealdorman Ælfhere, Earl Leofwine (‘son of Ælfwine’), and Earl Ralf; cf. political affiliations of abbots.  Dealings with King Edward the Confessor.  NB Earl Harold gave land near St Paul’s, London, nr ‘Æthelred’s hithe’.>  The list of benefactors was used in the twelfth century by Hugh Candidus (ed. Mellows, pp. 68-71, trans. Mellows and Mellows, p. 36); other versions of it occur in the ‘Book of Robert of Swaffham’ (fols. 121v-122r), and in the ‘Book of John of Threckingham’ (fols. 28v-31r).  Hart’s discussion of the grants made by these benefactors (ECEE, pp. 243-7) is based on Hugh Candidus, without reference to the earlier (and more authoritative) form of the list in the ‘Liber Niger’.  <The composite record of Æthelwold’s gifts (Charters, ed. Robertson, no. 39), and the list of sureties (ibid., no. 40), were perhaps derived from the same source as the list of benefactors, i.e. from a liber vitae.  Some grants, etc., were evidently effected at Peterborough without use of charters.>

<Several of the Peterborough cartularies compiled in the thirteenth century contain copies of pre-Conquest charters, though it would appear in most (if not all) cases that the texts were derived directly or indirectly from the ‘Liber Niger’, and not afresh from the single sheets.  Yet while the compiler of the ‘Liber Niger’ did not seem to attach especial importance to ‘Relatio’ and its related texts (S 68 and 72, plus S 787 with its appended confirmations), the compilers of the thirteenth-century cartularies may have had a different sense of priorities.  The ‘Book of Robert of Swaffham’ (Peterborough, D. & C., MS. 1 (Davis 757; Martin, no. 2)), written in the mid-thirteenth century, gives pride of place to the ‘Relatio Hedde abbatis’, and to the charters of Kings Wulfhere and Edgar (S 68 and 787), copied together on fols. 53r-56r; copies of most of the other charters occur in subsequent sections of the cartulary, probably derived from the ‘Liber Niger’.  The ‘Book of John of Threckingham’ (London, BL Egerton 2733 (Davis 755; Martin, no. 3)), a pocket-sized cartulary written in the second half of the thirteenth century, similarly gives precedence to the ‘Relatio’, and to S 68 and 787; it also includes a more restricted selection of the other pre-Conquest texts (but again derived, it seems, from the ‘Liber Niger’).  The main part of the ‘Book of Henry of Pytchley’ (Peterborough, D. & C., MS. 5 (Davis 756 (Martin, no. 4)) was written in the late thirteenth century, and contains nothing dating from the pre-Conquest period; but five pre-Conquest texts (S 1059, 1060, 1029, 782 and 233), and the ‘Relatio’, with S 68 and 787, occur in two slightly earlier sections of the book.  The ‘Red Book of John of Achurch’ (Peterborough, D. & C., MS. 6 (Davis 760; Martin, no. 8)), written in the late fourteenth century, contains copies of S 68 and 787, in this case without the ‘Relatio’.  The general impression, therefore, is that the compilers of the abbey’s cartularies were content to allow the ‘Relatio’, and the charters of Wulfhere and Edgar, to eclipse the other more genuinely pre-Conquest documentation in the archive.>

Numerous entries of ‘local’ interest were made in a copy of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle produced at Peterborough in the 1120s.  The entries in question (s.a. 654, 656, 675, 686, 777, 852, 870, 963, 1013, 1041, 1052, 1066, 1069, 1070, 1102, 1103, 1107, 1114, 1115, 1116) are best studied as a group, and in their appropriate context; see Rositzke, Peterborough Chronicle, pp. 15-16, and passim, and Peterborough Chronicle, ed. Whitelock, p. 31, n. 73, and pp. 33-4.  Several of these entries are based on the charters preserved in the Peterborough archive, and are thus of some interest in so far as they constitute evidence independent of the texts copied in the ‘Liber Niger’; see ASC, MS. E, s.a. 656 (S 68, followed by a Bull of Pope Vitalian [657-72], with a note of a synod held in 673 at which Cuthbald was elected abbot in succession to Seaxwulf), 675 (Bull of Pope Agatho, dated 680, confirmed by Archbishop Theodore at a synod of Hatfield, and then confirmed by King Æthelred (S 72)), 686 (S 233), 777 (S 1412 and 144), 852 (S 1440), and 963 (‘Relatio Hædde abbatis’, and S 787).  The earliest continuous history of Peterborough abbey was written c. 1150, by Hugh Candidus, monk of Peterborough.  The text has been edited by Mellows from a seventeenth-century transcript (Cambridge, University Library, Dd. 14. 28.2) of the earliest recension of Hugh’s work, presumed to have been derived from Cotton Otho A. xvii (destroyed in 1731); for a translation, see Mellows and Mellows.  <Used the ‘Relatio Hedde Abbatis’, as well as S 68, the Bull of Pope Agatho, and S 787; but made only limited use of other archival material.  Expanded ‘local’ traditions in the Peterborough manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.  Also used the list of benefactors (see above).>

<Hugh: Leland, Collect., i. 2ff.> 

<A grossly inflated version of the charter of King Wulfhere (S 68), with an augmented dispositive section, was produced at Peterborough, c. 1300; in effect, the passage printed in BCS 22A, pp. 41 (line 2) - 42 (line 6) was replaced by the passage printed in BCS 22, pp. 34 (line 6) - 38 (line 30).  The ‘original’ of the inflated version survives as BL Cotton Augustus ii. 5.  It is this version of the charter which was duly incorporated in the ‘Book of Walter of Whittlesey’ (BL Add. 39758 (Davis 758; Martin, no. 5)) and in the ‘Great Book of John of Achurch’ (London, Society of Antiquaries, MS. 38 (Davis 759; Martin, no. 6)).  The ‘Book of Walter of Whittlesey’ also contains a text of the ‘Passio S. Wulfadi et Ruffini filiorum Wlferi regis fundatoris istius domus’ (Hugh Candidus, ed. Mellows, pp. 140-59), followed by a recension of the chronicle of Hugh Candidus.  The same combination of texts was found in a Peterborough manuscript formerly in the Cottonian library (Cotton Otho A. xvii (Davis 772; Martin, no. 13)).  Extracts from yet another Peterborough book, which seems to have found its way in the 1630s to the monastery of St Laurence, Dieulouard, France, and which is not known to survive, were made by an unidentified Bollandist scholar, c. 1637, and are preserved in Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale, MS. 7965-73 (3723), fols. 83r-130v; see Keynes, ‘Lost Cartulary of St Albans’, p. 256.  This Peterborough book appears to have contained a text of the ‘Passio’, followed by two copies of the inflated version of Wulfhere’s charter, and part of another recension of the chronicle of Hugh Candidus.>

Charters of Peterborough

Royal diplomas.  68; 72; 144; 197; 233; 533; 566; 592; 674; 681; 782; 787; 834; 947; 1014; 1029; 1059; 1060.  See also 1804; 1806.  For S 787, see also under Crowland.  There is a copy of S 792 (King Edgar for Thorney Abbey) in the ‘Book of Robert of Swaffham’, and a copy of S 779 (King Edgar for Ely Abbey) in the ‘Great Book of John of Achurch’.

Miscellaneous.  1377; 1412; 1440; 1448; 1463; 1481.  See also 1803; 1805; and Robertson, Charters, no. 40.

Boundary clause.  1566.

Select bibliography

WM, GP, pp. 317-18; Mon. Angl. i. 63-71; Not. Mon. (Northants), no. XXVII; Mon. Angl. (rev. ed.) i. 344-404; VCH Northants. ii. 83-95; MRH, p. 73; HRH, pp. 59-61.

• Biddick, K., The Other Economy: Pastoral Husbandry on a Medieval Estate (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1989), pp. 9-14;
• Edwards, H., Charters of the Early West Saxon Kingdom, pp. 300-5 (for S 233);
• Gunton, S., The History of the Church of Peterburgh (London, 1686), reprinted, with an introduction by J. Higham (Peterborough and Stamford, 1990);
• Keynes, S., ‘A Lost Cartulary of St Albans Abbey’, Anglo-Saxon England 22 (1993), pp. 253-79;
• Keynes, S., The Councils of Clofesho, Brixworth Lecture (1993), Vaughan Paper 38 (Leicester, 1994), pp. 33-43;
• King, E., Peterborough Abbey 1086-1310: a Study in the Land Market (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 6-11;
• Martin, J. D., The Cartularies and Registers of Peterborough Abbey, Northamptonshire Record Society 28 (Peterborough, 1978);
• Mellows, W. T., ed., Tudor Documents, I: The Last Days of Peterborough Monastery, Publications of the Northamptonshire Record Society 12 (1947);
• Mellows, W, T., ed., The Chronicle of Hugh Candidus, a Monk of Peterborough (Oxford, 1949);
• Mellows, W. T., ‘The Estates of the Monastery of Peterborough in the County of Lincoln’, Lincolnshire Historian 3 (1948), pp. 100-14;
• Mellows, C., and W. T. Mellows, The Peterborough Chronicle of Hugh Candidus (Peterborough, 1941), 2nd ed. (Peterborough, 1966);
• Potts, W. T. W., ‘The Pre-Danish Estate of Peterborough Abbey’, Proceedings of the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Society 55 (1974), pp. 13-27;
• Rositzke, H. A., The Peterborough Chronicle (New York, 1951);
• Stenton, F. M., ‘Medeshamstede and its Colonies’ (1933), Preparatory to Anglo-Saxon England, ed. D. M. Stenton (Oxford, 1970), pp. 178-92;
• Stubbs, W., ‘On the Foundation and Early Fasti of Peterborough’, Archaeological Journal 18 (1861), pp. 193-211;
• Whitelock, D., ed., The Peterborough Chronicle, Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile 4 (Copenhagen, 1954).

<Chibnall, M., ed., The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1968-80).>  <Further installment of Mellows on the estates, in Lincolnshire Historian (ULC L475.c.32).>  <King, E., ‘The Peterborough “Descriptio Militum” (Henry I)’, English Historical Review 84 (1969), pp. 84-101.>  <Mellows, W. T., ed., Tudor Documents, II: The Foundation of Peterborough Cathedral A.D. 1541, Publications of the Northamptonshire Record Society 13 (1941).>  <Edmund King preparing an edition of the ‘Liber Niger’, for the PNRS.>

<Other papal privileges grant by Agatho: BCS 55 (St Paul’s); BCS 56 (Chertsey).>  <Gesta Herwardi in ‘Book of Robert of Swaffham’.>